tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65956409980308276522024-03-13T22:26:19.990-07:00Riset OperasionalMuhamad Ananda Putra Pratamahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03457679842404948597noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6595640998030827652.post-69737719500597721552020-03-26T04:35:00.003-07:002020-03-26T04:35:36.141-07:00<br />
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<b><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Pengertian Riset Operasional<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Riset Operasional adalah suatu implementasi metode ilmiah di dalam
suatu masalah yang lengkap dan sebagai suatu penyusunan sistem manajemen yang
besar, baik itu menumpu pada manusia, mesin, bahan dan uang dalam suatu
indutri, bisnis, pemerintahan dan pertahanan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Sejarah Perkembangan Riset Operasional<o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sejarah
Riset Operasional berawal selama perang dunia ke II yang sangat efektif sebagai
metode penyelesaian masalah militer dengan mengoptimalkan kekuatan militer
dalam menggunakan peralatan perang secara efisien. Setelah bidang militer yang
sudah dinyatakan sukses, industri secara bertahap mengaplikasi penggunaan riset
Operasional, pada tahun 1951 dunia industri dan bisnis dalam riset Operasionalnya
memberikan dampak besar pada organisasi manajemen. Dan perkembangannya kini
berada pada aspek pembagian kerja dan segmentasi tanggungjawab manajemen dalam
organisasi, yang bergantung pada perkembangan teknologi, dan faktor lain
seperti keadaan ekonomi, politik, sosial dan sebagainya secara sistematis.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Faktor
Pengembangan Riset Operasional<o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berikut
ini terdapat dua faktor-faktor pengembangan riset Operasional, yakni sebagai
berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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pengembangan teknik yang ada terhadap RO.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Tahapan
Riset Operasional<o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berikut
ini terdapat beberapa tahapan-tahapan riset Operasional, yakni sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Identifikasi Masalah<o:p></o:p></span><span id="Identifikasi_Masalah" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Penentuan
dan perumusan tujuan yang jelas dari persoalan dalam sistem model yang
dihadapi. Identifikasi perubah yang dipakai sebagai kriteria untuk pengambilan
keputusan yang dapat dikendalikan maupun yang tidak dapat dikendalikan.
Kumpulkan data tentang kendala-kendala yang menjadi syarat ikatan terhadap
perubah-perubah dalam fungsi tujuan sistem model yang dipelajari.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Penyusunan model<o:p></o:p></span><span id="Penyusunan_model" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Memilih
model yang cocok dan sesuai dengan permasalahannya. Merumuskan segala macam
faktor yang terkait di dalam model yang bersangkutan secara simbolik ke dalam
rumusan model matematika. Menentukan perubah-perubah beserta kaitan-kaitannya
satu sama lainnya. Tetapkan fungsi tujuan beserta kendala-kendalanya dengan
nilai-nilai dan perameter yang jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Analisa model<o:p></o:p></span><span id="Analisa_model" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berikut
ini terdapat beberapa analisa model, antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Melakukan
anlisis terhadap model yang telah disusun dan dipilih.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Memilih
hasil-hasil analisis yang terbaik (optimal).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Melakukan uji
kepekaan dan anlisis postoptimal terhadap hasil-hasil terhadap analisis model.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Pengesahan Model<o:p></o:p></span><span id="Pengesahan_Model" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Analisis
pengesahan model menyangkut penilaian terhadap model tersebut dengan cara
mencocokannya dengan keadaan dan data yang nyata, juga dalam rangka menguji dan
mengesahkan asumsi-asumsi yang membentuk model tersebut secara struktural
(yaitu perubahnya, hubungan-hubungan fungisionalnya, dan lain-lain).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Implementasi Hasil<o:p></o:p></span><span id="Implementasi_Hasil" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hasil-hasil
yang diperoleh berupa nilai-nilai yang akan dipakai dalam kriteria pengambilan
keputusan merupakan hasil-hasil analisis yang kiranya dapat dipakai dalam
perumusan keputusan yang kiranya dapat dipakai dalam perumusan
strategi-strategi, target-target, langkah-langkah kebijakan guna disajikan
kepada pengambilan keputusan dalam bentuk alternatif-alternatif pilihan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Model
Riset Operasional<o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berikut
ini terdapat beberapa model-model riset Operasional, yakni sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: 107%;">1. Iconic (Physical) Model</span></strong><span id="1_Iconic_Physical_Model" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Iconic
model ialah suatu penyajian fisik yang tampak seperti aslinya dari suatu sistem
nyata dengan skala yang berbeda. Contoh model ini adalah mainan anakanak,
potret, histogram, maket dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: 107%;">2. Analogue Model</span></strong><span id="2_Analogue_Model" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Model
analogue lebih abstrak disbanding model iconic, karena tak kelihatan sama
antara model dengan sistem nyata. Contoh ialah peta dengan bermacam-macam warna
merupakan model analog dimana perbedaan warna menunjukan perbedaan cirri,
misalnya biru menunjukan air, kuning menunjukan pegunungan, hijau sebagai
dataran rendah, dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: 107%;">3. Mathematic (Symbolic) Model</span></strong><span id="3_Mathematic_Symbolic_Model" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Model
matematik sifatnya paling abstrak. Model ini menggunakan seperangkat simbol
matematik untuk menunjukan komponen-komponen (dan hubungan antar mereka) dari
sistem nyata. Namun, sistem nyata tidak selalu dapat diekspresikan dalam
rumusan matematik. Model ini dapat dibedakan menjadi deterministic dan
probabilistic. Model deterministic dibentuk dalam situasi kepastian
(certainty). Model ini memerlukan penyederhanaan-penyederhanaan dari realitas
karena kepastian jarang terjadi. Model probabilistic meliputi kasus-kasus
dimana diasumsikan ketidakpastian (uncertainty).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Teknik
Riset Operasional<o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berikut
ini terdapat beberapa teknik teknik riset Operasional, yakni sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">Linier Programing</span></strong><span id="Linier_Programing" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Linear
programming ialah salah satu teknik penyelesaian riset Operasional dalam hal
ini adalah khusus menyelesaikan masalah-masalah optimasi (memaksimalkan atau
meminimumkan) tetapi hanya terbatas pada masalah-masalah yang dapat diubah
menjadi fungsi linier. Demikian pula kendala-kendala yang ada juga berbentuk
linier.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">Metode Dualitas</span></strong><span id="Metode_Dualitas" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Secara
sitematis, dualitas merupakan alat bantu masalah Linier Programing, yang secara
langsung didefinisikandari persoalan aslinya.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">Metode Transportasi</span></strong><span id="Metode_Transportasi" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Merupakan
metode yang digunakan untuk mengatur distribusi dari sumber-sumber yang
menyediakan produk, ke tempat-tempat yang membutuhkan, secara optimal.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">Teori Jaringan Kerja</span></strong><span id="Teori_Jaringan_Kerja" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Adalah
gabungan dari dua tekhnik analisi, yaitu Critical Path Method (CPM) dan Project
Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) yang digunakan untuk perencanaan,
penjadwalan, pengawasan, dan pengambilan keputusan terhadap proyek yang sedang
berjalan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">Metode Simpleks</span></strong><span id="Metode_Simpleks" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Metode
simpleks adalah suatu metode yg secara matematis dimulai dr suatu pemecahan
dasar yg feasibel (basic feasible solution) ke pemecahan dasar feasibel lainnya
dan dilakukan secara berulang-ulang (iteratif) sehingga akhirnya diperoleh
suatu pemecahan dasar yang optimum. Metode grafik tidak dapat menyelesaikan
persoalan linear program yang memilki variabel keputusan yang cukup besar atau
lebih dari dua, maka untuk menyelesaikannya digunakan Metode Simplex.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Fungsi Riset Operasional<o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Riset
Operasional adalah metode untuk memformulasikan dan merumuskan permasalahan
sehari-hari baik mengenai bisnis, ekonomi, sosial maupun bidang lainnya ke
dalam pemodelan matematis untuk mendapatkan solusi yang optimal. Bagian
terpenting dari Riset Operasional adalah bagaimana menerjemahkan permasalahan
sehari-hari ke dalam model matematis. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pemodelan
harus disederhanakan dan apabila ada data yangkurang, kekurangan tersebut dapat
diasumsikan atau diisi dengan pendekatan yang bersifat rasional. Dalam Riset Operasional
diperlukan ketajaman berpikir dan logika.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Untuk
mendapatkan solusi yang optimal dan memudahkan kita mendapatkan hasil, kita
dapat menggunakan komputer. Software yang dapat digunakan antara lain: LINDO
(Linear, Interactive and Discrete Optimizer) dan POM For Windows. Program
linear adalah salah satu model matematika Riset Operasional yang digunakan
untuk menyelesaikan masalah optimisasi, yaitu memaksimumkan atau meminimumkan
fungsi tujuan yang bergantung pada sejumlah variabel input. Hal terpenting yang
perlu kita lakukan adalah mencari tahu tujuan penyelesaian masalah dan apa
penyebab masalah tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="color: black;">Metode Riset Operasional</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
<div style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 11.25pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Berikut
ini adalah beberapa metode riset Operasional yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;">1. Metode Analitis<o:p></o:p></span><span id="1_Metode_Analitis" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span></span></h3>
<ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Memerlukan perwujudan model dengan solusi
grafik/perhitungan matematika.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Jenis matematika yang digunakan tergantung
sifat model<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;">2. Metode Numerik<o:p></o:p></span><span id="2_Metode_Numerik" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span></span></h3>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Berhubungan
dengan perulangan dari prosedur-prosedur kesalahan, melalui perhitungan numerik
pada setiap tahap.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Digunakan jika
metode analitik gagal mencari solusi.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Urutannya
dimulai dari solusi awal dan diteruskan dengan seperangkat aturan untuk
perbaikan menuju optimum.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Urutan diatas
diulang hingga tidak ada lagi yang harus diganti.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;">3. Metode Monte-Carlo<o:p></o:p></span><span id="3_Metode_Monte-Carlo" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span></span></h3>
<ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Memerlukan penggunaan konsep probabilitas dan
sampling.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: normal; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dasarnya adalah teknik simulasi dimana fungsi
distribusi statistik dibuat melalui seperangkat bilangan random.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Dampak Riset Operasional<o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Beberapa jenis persoalan yang telah dipecahkan dengan menggunakan
teknik-teknik dalam RO antara lain linear progamming, dynamic progamming, teori
antrian, teori inventori, teori permainan (game theory), simulasi, network
planning. Linnear progamming telah dipergunakan dan telah mencapai sukses
didalam pemecahan persoalan yang berkenaan dengan penugasan personnel
(assignment of personnel), blending of materials, distribusi dan transportasi
serta Investment.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dynamic progamming telah berhasil diterapkan dalam perencanaan
pengeluaran periklanan, usaha mendistribusikan penjualan dan penjadwalan
produksi (produstion schedulling). Teori antrian (queuing or waiting line
theory) berhasil diterapkan dalam memecahkan kemacetan lalu lintas (traffic
congestion), pelayanan mesin-mesin akibat perusakan, penentuan jumlah pemberi
pelayanan yang optimal, penjadwalan lalu lintas udara (air traffic schedulling),
mendesain dam, penjadwalan produksi, meminimumkan waktu menunggu untuk menerima
pelayanan, Operasional dalam rumah sakit, dan lain sebagainya. Teknik-teknik RO
lainnya seperti teori inventori, teori permainan (game theory) dan simulasi
telah menunjukkan sukses yang besar dalam pemecahan beberapa jenis permasalahan
/ persoalan.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="color: black;">Manfaat Riset Operasional</span></strong><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Dibawah
ini adalah beberapa manfaat riset Operasional yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Berusaha
menetapkan arah tindakan terbaik (optimum) dari sebuah masalah keputusan
dibawah pembatasan sumber daya terbatas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Memberikan
kemudahan dalam pengambilan keputusan kegiatan kerja dalam bidang industri,
bisnis, dan manajemen.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Alat untuk
pengambilan keputusan dari berbagai sumber daya yang tersedia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Memberikan
pengembangan dari beberapa sektor, seperti teknik dan ilmu perhitungan, ilmu
politik, matematik, ekonomi, teori probabilitas dan statistic.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="color: black;">Konsep Riset Operasional</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Riset Operasional adalah metode untuk memformulasikan dan
merumuskan permasalahan sehari-hari baik mengenai bisnis, ekonomi, sosial
maupun bidang lainnya ke dalam pemodelan matematis untuk mendapatkan solusi
yang optimal. Riset Operasional berkenaan dengan pengambilan keputusan optimal,
penyusunan model dari sistem-sistem, baik deterministik maupun probabilistik
yang berasal dari kehidupan nyata. Fungsi » membantu dalam perencanaan dan
pembuatan keputusan dalam manajemen untuk mendapatkan hasil yang optimal dengan
berbagai macam kendala dan menggunakan pendekatan matematis.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Bagian terpenting dari Riset Operasional adalah bagaimana
menerjemahkan permasalahan sehari-hari ke dalam model matematis. Faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi pemodelan harus disederhanakan dan apabila ada data yang
kurang, kekurangan tersebut dapat diasumsikan atau diisi dengan pendekatan yang
bersifat rasional. Dalam Riset Operasional diperlukan ketajaman berpikir dan
logika. Untuk mendapatkan solusi yang optimal dan memudahkan kita mendapatkan
hasil, kita dapat menggunakan komputer. Software yang dapat digunakan antara
lain: LINDO (Linear, Interactive and Discrete Optimizer) dan POM For Windows.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"> Ruang
Lingkup Riset Operasional<o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ruang lingkup riset Operasional adalah batasan tempat dimana riset
Operasional terebut bisa digunakan /dimanfaatkan untuk menentukan suatu
keputusan yang akan diambil. Beberapa ruang lingkup riset Operasional adalah
sebagai berikut yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;">1. Akutansi dan Keuangan<o:p></o:p></span><span id="1_Akutansi_dan_Keuangan" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span></span></h3>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Penentuan
jumlah kelayakan kredit<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Alokasi modal
investasi dari berbagai alternatif<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Peningkatan
efektivitas akuntansi biaya<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="paragraf" style="background: white; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Penugasan tim
audit secara efektif<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></div>
<h3 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;">2. Pemasaran<o:p></o:p></span><span id="2_Pemasaran" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span></span></h3>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Penentuan kombinasi produk terbaik berdasarkan permintaan pasar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Alokasi iklan diberbagai media<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Penugasan tenaga penjual kewilayah pemasaran secra efektif<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Penempatan lokasi gudang untuk meminimumkan biaya distribusi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Evaluasi kekuatan pasar dari strategi pemasaran pesaing<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<h3 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="color: black; line-height: 107%;">3. Operasional Produksi<o:p></o:p></span><span id="3_Operasi_Produksi" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span></span></h3>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Penentuan
bahan baku yang paling ekonomis untuk kebutuhan pelanggan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Meminimumkan
persediaan atau inventori<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Penyeimbangan
jalur perakitan dengan berbagai jenis Operasional<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: black;">Peningkatan
kualitas Operasional manufaktur<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<h2 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="color: black;">Peran Riset Operasional Dalam
Pengambilan Keputusan</span></strong><span id="Peran_Riset_Operasi_Dalam_Pengambilan_Keputusan" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></span><span style="color: black;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h2>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Riset
Operasional berusaha menetapkan arah tindakan terbaik ( optinum) dari sebuah
masalah keputusan dibawah pembatasan sumber daya yang terbatas. Istilah riset Operasional
sering kali diasosiasikan secara ekslusif dengan penggunaan teknik – teknik
matematis untuk membuat model dan menganalisa masalah keputusan. Walaupun
matematika dan model matematis merupakan inti dari riset Operasional, pemecahan
masalah tidaklah hanya sekedar pengembangan dan pemecahan model – model
matematis. Secara spesifik, masalah keputusan biasanya mencakup factor – factor
pentng yang berwujud dan tidak dapat diterjemahkan secara langsung dalam bentuk
model matematis.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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Sumber: </div>
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<a href="https://pakdosen.co.id/riset-operasi/">https://pakdosen.co.id/riset-operasi/</a></div>
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<br />Muhamad Ananda Putra Pratamahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03457679842404948597noreply@blogger.com0